| GIT-SHOW(1) | Git Manual | GIT-SHOW(1) |
NAME
git-show - Show various types of objectsSYNOPSIS
git show [<options>] [<object>...]
DESCRIPTION
Shows one or more objects (blobs, trees, tags and commits).OPTIONS
<object>...The names of objects to show (defaults to
HEAD). For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
"SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in gitrevisions(7).
--pretty[=<format>], --format=<format>
Pretty-print the contents of the commit logs
in a given format, where <format> can be one of oneline,
short, medium, full, fuller, email,
raw, format:<string> and tformat:<string>.
When <format> is none of the above, and has %placeholder
in it, it acts as if --pretty=tformat:<format> were given.
See the "PRETTY FORMATS" section for some additional details for each
format. When =<format> part is omitted, it defaults to
medium.
Note: you can specify the default pretty format in the repository configuration
(see git-config(1)).
--abbrev-commit
Instead of showing the full 40-byte
hexadecimal commit object name, show only a partial prefix. Non default number
of digits can be specified with "--abbrev=<n>" (which also
modifies diff output, if it is displayed).
This should make "--pretty=oneline" a whole lot more readable for
people using 80-column terminals.
--no-abbrev-commit
Show the full 40-byte hexadecimal commit
object name. This negates --abbrev-commit and those options which imply
it such as "--oneline". It also overrides the
log.abbrevCommit variable.
--oneline
This is a shorthand for "--pretty=oneline
--abbrev-commit" used together.
--encoding=<encoding>
The commit objects record the encoding used
for the log message in their encoding header; this option can be used to tell
the command to re-code the commit log message in the encoding preferred by the
user. For non plumbing commands this defaults to UTF-8. Note that if an object
claims to be encoded in X and we are outputting in X, we will
output the object verbatim; this means that invalid sequences in the original
commit may be copied to the output.
--expand-tabs=<n>, --expand-tabs, --no-expand-tabs
Perform a tab expansion (replace each tab with
enough spaces to fill to the next display column that is multiple of
<n>) in the log message before showing it in the output.
--expand-tabs is a short-hand for --expand-tabs=8, and
--no-expand-tabs is a short-hand for --expand-tabs=0, which
disables tab expansion.
By default, tabs are expanded in pretty formats that indent the log message by 4
spaces (i.e. medium, which is the default, full, and
fuller).
--notes[=<treeish>]
Show the notes (see git-notes(1)) that
annotate the commit, when showing the commit log message. This is the default
for git log, git show and git whatchanged commands when
there is no --pretty, --format, or --oneline option given
on the command line.
By default, the notes shown are from the notes refs listed in the
core.notesRef and notes.displayRef variables (or corresponding
environment overrides). See git-config(1) for more details.
With an optional <treeish> argument, use the treeish to find the
notes to display. The treeish can specify the full refname when it begins with
refs/notes/; when it begins with notes/, refs/ and
otherwise refs/notes/ is prefixed to form a full name of the ref.
Multiple --notes options can be combined to control which notes are being
displayed. Examples: "--notes=foo" will show only notes from
"refs/notes/foo"; "--notes=foo --notes" will show both
notes from "refs/notes/foo" and from the default notes ref(s).
--no-notes
Do not show notes. This negates the above
--notes option, by resetting the list of notes refs from which notes
are shown. Options are parsed in the order given on the command line, so e.g.
"--notes --notes=foo --no-notes --notes=bar" will only show notes
from "refs/notes/bar".
--show-notes[=<treeish>], --[no-]standard-notes
These options are deprecated. Use the above
--notes/--no-notes options instead.
--show-signature
Check the validity of a signed commit object
by passing the signature to gpg --verify and show the output.
PRETTY FORMATS
If the commit is a merge, and if the pretty-format is not oneline, email or raw, an additional line is inserted before the Author: line. This line begins with "Merge: " and the sha1s of ancestral commits are printed, separated by spaces. Note that the listed commits may not necessarily be the list of the direct parent commits if you have limited your view of history: for example, if you are only interested in changes related to a certain directory or file.•oneline
This is designed to be as compact as possible.
<sha1> <title line>
•short
commit <sha1> Author: <author>
<title line>
•medium
commit <sha1> Author: <author> Date: <author date>
<title line>
<full commit message>
•full
commit <sha1> Author: <author> Commit: <committer>
<title line>
<full commit message>
•fuller
commit <sha1> Author: <author> AuthorDate: <author date> Commit: <committer> CommitDate: <committer date>
<title line>
<full commit message>
•email
From <sha1> <date> From: <author> Date: <author date> Subject: [PATCH] <title line>
<full commit message>
•raw
The raw format shows the entire commit exactly as stored in the commit
object. Notably, the SHA-1s are displayed in full, regardless of whether
--abbrev or --no-abbrev are used, and parents information show the true
parent commits, without taking grafts or history simplification into account.
Note that this format affects the way commits are displayed, but not the way
the diff is shown e.g. with git log --raw. To get full object names in
a raw diff format, use --no-abbrev.
•format:<string>
The format:<string> format allows you to specify which information
you want to show. It works a little bit like printf format, with the notable
exception that you get a newline with %n instead of \n.
E.g, format:"The author of %h was %an, %ar%nThe title was
>>%s<<%n" would show something like this:
The placeholders are:
The author of fe6e0ee was Junio C Hamano, 23 hours ago The title was >>t4119: test autocomputing -p<n> for traditional diff input.<<
•%H: commit hash
•%h: abbreviated commit
hash
•%T: tree hash
•%t: abbreviated tree hash
•%P: parent hashes
•%p: abbreviated parent
hashes
•%an: author name
•%aN: author name (respecting
.mailmap, see git-shortlog(1) or git-blame(1))
•%ae: author email
•%aE: author email (respecting
.mailmap, see git-shortlog(1) or git-blame(1))
•%ad: author date (format
respects --date= option)
•%aD: author date, RFC2822
style
•%ar: author date,
relative
•%at: author date, UNIX
timestamp
•%ai: author date, ISO 8601-like
format
•%aI: author date, strict ISO
8601 format
•%cn: committer name
•%cN: committer name (respecting
.mailmap, see git-shortlog(1) or git-blame(1))
•%ce: committer email
•%cE: committer email
(respecting .mailmap, see git-shortlog(1) or git-blame(1))
•%cd: committer date (format
respects --date= option)
•%cD: committer date, RFC2822
style
•%cr: committer date,
relative
•%ct: committer date, UNIX
timestamp
•%ci: committer date, ISO
8601-like format
•%cI: committer date, strict ISO
8601 format
•%d: ref names, like the
--decorate option of git-log(1)
•%D: ref names without the
" (", ")" wrapping.
•%e: encoding
•%s: subject
•%f: sanitized subject line,
suitable for a filename
•%b: body
•%B: raw body (unwrapped subject
and body)
•%N: commit notes
•%GG: raw verification message
from GPG for a signed commit
•%G?: show "G" for a
good (valid) signature, "B" for a bad signature, "U" for a
good signature with unknown validity, "X" for a good signature that
has expired, "Y" for a good signature made by an expired key,
"R" for a good signature made by a revoked key, "E" if the
signature cannot be checked (e.g. missing key) and "N" for no
signature
•%GS: show the name of the
signer for a signed commit
•%GK: show the key used to sign
a signed commit
•%gD: reflog selector, e.g.,
refs/stash@{1} or refs/stash@{2 minutes ago}; the format follows
the rules described for the -g option. The portion before the @
is the refname as given on the command line (so git log -g
refs/heads/master would yield refs/heads/master@{0}).
•%gd: shortened reflog selector;
same as %gD, but the refname portion is shortened for human readability
(so refs/heads/master becomes just master).
•%gn: reflog identity name
•%gN: reflog identity name
(respecting .mailmap, see git-shortlog(1) or git-blame(1))
•%ge: reflog identity
email
•%gE: reflog identity email
(respecting .mailmap, see git-shortlog(1) or git-blame(1))
•%gs: reflog subject
•%Cred: switch color to
red
•%Cgreen: switch color to
green
•%Cblue: switch color to
blue
•%Creset: reset color
•%C(...): color specification,
as described under Values in the "CONFIGURATION FILE" section of
git-config(1). By default, colors are shown only when enabled for log
output (by color.diff, color.ui, or --color, and
respecting the auto settings of the former if we are going to a
terminal). %C(auto,...) is accepted as a historical synonym for the
default (e.g., %C(auto,red)). Specifying %C(always,...) will show
the colors even when color is not otherwise enabled (though consider just
using `--color=always to enable color for the whole output, including this
format and anything else git might color). auto alone (i.e.
%C(auto)) will turn on auto coloring on the next placeholders until the
color is switched again.
•%m: left (<), right
(>) or boundary (-) mark
•%n: newline
•%%: a raw %
•%x00: print a byte from a hex
code
•%w([<w>[,<i1>[,<i2>]]]):
switch line wrapping, like the -w option of git-shortlog(1).
•%<(<N>[,trunc|ltrunc|mtrunc]):
make the next placeholder take at least N columns, padding spaces on the right
if necessary. Optionally truncate at the beginning (ltrunc), the middle
(mtrunc) or the end (trunc) if the output is longer than N columns. Note that
truncating only works correctly with N >= 2.
•%<|(<N>): make the
next placeholder take at least until Nth columns, padding spaces on the right
if necessary
•%>(<N>),
%>|(<N>): similar to %<(<N>),
%<|(<N>) respectively, but padding spaces on the left
•%>>(<N>),
%>>|(<N>): similar to %>(<N>),
%>|(<N>) respectively, except that if the next placeholder
takes more spaces than given and there are spaces on its left, use those
spaces
•%><(<N>),
%><|(<N>): similar to %<(<N>),
%<|(<N>) respectively, but padding both sides (i.e. the text
is centered)
•%(trailers[:options]): display the
trailers of the body as interpreted by git-interpret-trailers(1). The
trailers string may be followed by a colon and zero or more
comma-separated options. If the only option is given, omit non-trailer
lines from the trailer block. If the unfold option is given, behave as
if interpret-trailer’s --unfold option was given. E.g.,
%(trailers:only,unfold) to do both.
•tformat:
The tformat: format works exactly like format:, except that it
provides "terminator" semantics instead of "separator"
semantics. In other words, each commit has the message terminator character
(usually a newline) appended, rather than a separator placed between entries.
This means that the final entry of a single-line format will be properly
terminated with a new line, just as the "oneline" format does. For
example:
In addition, any unrecognized string that has a % in it is interpreted as
if it has tformat: in front of it. For example, these two are
equivalent:
$ git log -2 --pretty=format:%h 4da45bef \ | perl -pe '$_ .= " -- NO NEWLINE\n" unless /\n/' 4da45be 7134973 -- NO NEWLINE $ git log -2 --pretty=tformat:%h 4da45bef \ | perl -pe '$_ .= " -- NO NEWLINE\n" unless /\n/' 4da45be 7134973
$ git log -2 --pretty=tformat:%h 4da45bef $ git log -2 --pretty=%h 4da45bef
COMMON DIFF OPTIONS
-p, -u, --patchGenerate patch (see section on generating
patches).
-s, --no-patch
Suppress diff output. Useful for commands like
git show that show the patch by default, or to cancel the effect of
--patch.
-U<n>, --unified=<n>
Generate diffs with <n> lines of context
instead of the usual three. Implies -p.
--raw
For each commit, show a summary of changes
using the raw diff format. See the "RAW OUTPUT FORMAT" section of
git-diff(1). This is different from showing the log itself in raw
format, which you can achieve with --format=raw.
--patch-with-raw
Synonym for -p --raw.
--indent-heuristic
Enable the heuristic that shifts diff hunk
boundaries to make patches easier to read. This is the default.
--no-indent-heuristic
Disable the indent heuristic.
--minimal
Spend extra time to make sure the smallest
possible diff is produced.
--patience
Generate a diff using the "patience
diff" algorithm.
--histogram
Generate a diff using the "histogram
diff" algorithm.
--anchored=<text>
Generate a diff using the "anchored
diff" algorithm.
This option may be specified more than once.
If a line exists in both the source and destination, exists only once, and
starts with this text, this algorithm attempts to prevent it from appearing as
a deletion or addition in the output. It uses the "patience diff"
algorithm internally.
--diff-algorithm={patience|minimal|histogram|myers}
Choose a diff algorithm. The variants are as
follows:
default, myers
For instance, if you configured the diff.algorithm variable to a
non-default value and want to use the default one, then you have to use
--diff-algorithm=default option.
--stat[=<width>[,<name-width>[,<count>]]]
The basic greedy diff algorithm. Currently,
this is the default.
minimal
Spend extra time to make sure the smallest
possible diff is produced.
patience
Use "patience diff" algorithm when
generating patches.
histogram
This algorithm extends the patience algorithm
to "support low-occurrence common elements".
Generate a diffstat. By default, as much space
as necessary will be used for the filename part, and the rest for the graph
part. Maximum width defaults to terminal width, or 80 columns if not connected
to a terminal, and can be overridden by <width>. The width of the
filename part can be limited by giving another width <name-width>
after a comma. The width of the graph part can be limited by using
--stat-graph-width=<width> (affects all commands generating a
stat graph) or by setting diff.statGraphWidth=<width> (does not
affect git format-patch). By giving a third parameter
<count>, you can limit the output to the first
<count> lines, followed by ... if there are more.
These parameters can also be set individually with
--stat-width=<width>, --stat-name-width=<name-width>
and --stat-count=<count>.
--compact-summary
Output a condensed summary of extended header
information such as file creations or deletions ("new" or
"gone", optionally "+l" if it’s a symlink) and mode
changes ("+x" or "-x" for adding or removing executable
bit respectively) in diffstat. The information is put between the filename
part and the graph part. Implies --stat.
--numstat
Similar to --stat, but shows number of
added and deleted lines in decimal notation and pathname without abbreviation,
to make it more machine friendly. For binary files, outputs two -
instead of saying 0 0.
--shortstat
Output only the last line of the --stat
format containing total number of modified files, as well as number of added
and deleted lines.
--dirstat[=<param1,param2,...>]
Output the distribution of relative amount of
changes for each sub-directory. The behavior of --dirstat can be
customized by passing it a comma separated list of parameters. The defaults
are controlled by the diff.dirstat configuration variable (see
git-config(1)). The following parameters are available:
changes
Example: The following will count changed files, while ignoring directories with
less than 10% of the total amount of changed files, and accumulating child
directory counts in the parent directories:
--dirstat=files,10,cumulative.
--summary
Compute the dirstat numbers by counting the
lines that have been removed from the source, or added to the destination.
This ignores the amount of pure code movements within a file. In other words,
rearranging lines in a file is not counted as much as other changes. This is
the default behavior when no parameter is given.
lines
Compute the dirstat numbers by doing the
regular line-based diff analysis, and summing the removed/added line counts.
(For binary files, count 64-byte chunks instead, since binary files have no
natural concept of lines). This is a more expensive --dirstat behavior
than the changes behavior, but it does count rearranged lines within a
file as much as other changes. The resulting output is consistent with what
you get from the other --*stat options.
files
Compute the dirstat numbers by counting the
number of files changed. Each changed file counts equally in the dirstat
analysis. This is the computationally cheapest --dirstat behavior,
since it does not have to look at the file contents at all.
cumulative
Count changes in a child directory for the
parent directory as well. Note that when using cumulative, the sum of
the percentages reported may exceed 100%. The default (non-cumulative)
behavior can be specified with the noncumulative parameter.
<limit>
An integer parameter specifies a cut-off
percent (3% by default). Directories contributing less than this percentage of
the changes are not shown in the output.
Output a condensed summary of extended header
information such as creations, renames and mode changes.
--patch-with-stat
Synonym for -p --stat.
-z
Separate the commits with NULs instead of with
new newlines.
Also, when --raw or --numstat has been given, do not munge
pathnames and use NULs as output field terminators.
Without this option, pathnames with "unusual" characters are quoted as
explained for the configuration variable core.quotePath (see
git-config(1)).
--name-only
Show only names of changed files.
--name-status
Show only names and status of changed files.
See the description of the --diff-filter option on what the status
letters mean.
--submodule[=<format>]
Specify how differences in submodules are
shown. When specifying --submodule=short the short format is
used. This format just shows the names of the commits at the beginning and end
of the range. When --submodule or --submodule=log is specified,
the log format is used. This format lists the commits in the range like
git-submodule(1) summary does. When --submodule=diff is
specified, the diff format is used. This format shows an inline diff of
the changes in the submodule contents between the commit range. Defaults to
diff.submodule or the short format if the config option is
unset.
--color[=<when>]
Show colored diff. --color (i.e.
without =<when>) is the same as --color=always.
<when> can be one of always, never, or
auto.
--no-color
Turn off colored diff. It is the same as
--color=never.
--color-moved[=<mode>]
Moved lines of code are colored differently.
The <mode> defaults to no if the option is not given and to
zebra if the option with no mode is given. The mode must be one of:
no
--word-diff[=<mode>]
Moved lines are not highlighted.
default
Is a synonym for zebra. This may change
to a more sensible mode in the future.
plain
Any line that is added in one location and was
removed in another location will be colored with color.diff.newMoved.
Similarly color.diff.oldMoved will be used for removed lines that are
added somewhere else in the diff. This mode picks up any moved line, but it is
not very useful in a review to determine if a block of code was moved without
permutation.
zebra
Blocks of moved text of at least 20
alphanumeric characters are detected greedily. The detected blocks are painted
using either the color.diff.{old,new}Moved color or
color.diff.{old,new}MovedAlternative. The change between the two colors
indicates that a new block was detected.
dimmed_zebra
Similar to zebra, but additional
dimming of uninteresting parts of moved code is performed. The bordering lines
of two adjacent blocks are considered interesting, the rest is
uninteresting.
Show a word diff, using the <mode> to
delimit changed words. By default, words are delimited by whitespace; see
--word-diff-regex below. The <mode> defaults to plain, and
must be one of:
color
Note that despite the name of the first mode, color is used to highlight the
changed parts in all modes if enabled.
--word-diff-regex=<regex>
Highlight changed words using only colors.
Implies --color.
plain
Show words as [-removed-] and
{+added+}. Makes no attempts to escape the delimiters if they appear in
the input, so the output may be ambiguous.
porcelain
Use a special line-based format intended for
script consumption. Added/removed/unchanged runs are printed in the usual
unified diff format, starting with a +/-/` ` character at the
beginning of the line and extending to the end of the line. Newlines in the
input are represented by a tilde ~ on a line of its own.
none
Disable word diff again.
Use <regex> to decide what a word is,
instead of considering runs of non-whitespace to be a word. Also implies
--word-diff unless it was already enabled.
Every non-overlapping match of the <regex> is considered a word. Anything
between these matches is considered whitespace and ignored(!) for the purposes
of finding differences. You may want to append |[^[:space:]] to your
regular expression to make sure that it matches all non-whitespace characters.
A match that contains a newline is silently truncated(!) at the newline.
For example, --word-diff-regex=. will treat each character as a word and,
correspondingly, show differences character by character.
The regex can also be set via a diff driver or configuration option, see
gitattributes(5) or git-config(1). Giving it explicitly
overrides any diff driver or configuration setting. Diff drivers override
configuration settings.
--color-words[=<regex>]
Equivalent to --word-diff=color plus
(if a regex was specified) --word-diff-regex=<regex>.
--no-renames
Turn off rename detection, even when the
configuration file gives the default to do so.
--check
Warn if changes introduce conflict markers or
whitespace errors. What are considered whitespace errors is controlled by
core.whitespace configuration. By default, trailing whitespaces
(including lines that consist solely of whitespaces) and a space character
that is immediately followed by a tab character inside the initial indent of
the line are considered whitespace errors. Exits with non-zero status if
problems are found. Not compatible with --exit-code.
--ws-error-highlight=<kind>
Highlight whitespace errors in the
context, old or new lines of the diff. Multiple values
are separated by comma, none resets previous values, default
reset the list to new and all is a shorthand for
old,new,context. When this option is not given, and the configuration
variable diff.wsErrorHighlight is not set, only whitespace errors in
new lines are highlighted. The whitespace errors are colored with
color.diff.whitespace.
--full-index
Instead of the first handful of characters,
show the full pre- and post-image blob object names on the "index"
line when generating patch format output.
--binary
In addition to --full-index, output a
binary diff that can be applied with git-apply.
--abbrev[=<n>]
Instead of showing the full 40-byte
hexadecimal object name in diff-raw format output and diff-tree header lines,
show only a partial prefix. This is independent of the --full-index
option above, which controls the diff-patch output format. Non default number
of digits can be specified with --abbrev=<n>.
-B[<n>][/<m>], --break-rewrites[=[<n>][/<m>]]
Break complete rewrite changes into pairs of
delete and create. This serves two purposes:
It affects the way a change that amounts to a total rewrite of a file not as a
series of deletion and insertion mixed together with a very few lines that
happen to match textually as the context, but as a single deletion of
everything old followed by a single insertion of everything new, and the
number m controls this aspect of the -B option (defaults to 60%).
-B/70% specifies that less than 30% of the original should remain in
the result for Git to consider it a total rewrite (i.e. otherwise the
resulting patch will be a series of deletion and insertion mixed together with
context lines).
When used with -M, a totally-rewritten file is also considered as the source of
a rename (usually -M only considers a file that disappeared as the source of a
rename), and the number n controls this aspect of the -B option
(defaults to 50%). -B20% specifies that a change with addition and
deletion compared to 20% or more of the file’s size are eligible for
being picked up as a possible source of a rename to another file.
-M[<n>], --find-renames[=<n>]
If generating diffs, detect and report renames
for each commit. For following files across renames while traversing history,
see --follow. If n is specified, it is a threshold on the
similarity index (i.e. amount of addition/deletions compared to the
file’s size). For example, -M90% means Git should consider a
delete/add pair to be a rename if more than 90% of the file hasn’t
changed. Without a % sign, the number is to be read as a fraction, with
a decimal point before it. I.e., -M5 becomes 0.5, and is thus the same
as -M50%. Similarly, -M05 is the same as -M5%. To limit
detection to exact renames, use -M100%. The default similarity index is
50%.
-C[<n>], --find-copies[=<n>]
Detect copies as well as renames. See also
--find-copies-harder. If n is specified, it has the same meaning
as for -M<n>.
--find-copies-harder
For performance reasons, by default, -C
option finds copies only if the original file of the copy was modified in the
same changeset. This flag makes the command inspect unmodified files as
candidates for the source of copy. This is a very expensive operation for
large projects, so use it with caution. Giving more than one -C option
has the same effect.
-D, --irreversible-delete
Omit the preimage for deletes, i.e. print only
the header but not the diff between the preimage and /dev/null. The
resulting patch is not meant to be applied with patch or git
apply; this is solely for people who want to just concentrate on reviewing
the text after the change. In addition, the output obviously lacks enough
information to apply such a patch in reverse, even manually, hence the name of
the option.
When used together with -B, omit also the preimage in the deletion part
of a delete/create pair.
-l<num>
The -M and -C options require
O(n^2) processing time where n is the number of potential rename/copy targets.
This option prevents rename/copy detection from running if the number of
rename/copy targets exceeds the specified number.
--diff-filter=[(A|C|D|M|R|T|U|X|B)...[*]]
Select only files that are Added (A),
Copied ( C), Deleted (D), Modified (M), Renamed
(R), have their type (i.e. regular file, symlink, submodule, ...)
changed ( T), are Unmerged (U), are Unknown (X), or have
had their pairing Broken ( B). Any combination of the filter characters
(including none) can be used. When * (All-or-none) is added to the
combination, all paths are selected if there is any file that matches other
criteria in the comparison; if there is no file that matches other criteria,
nothing is selected.
Also, these upper-case letters can be downcased to exclude. E.g.
--diff-filter=ad excludes added and deleted paths.
Note that not all diffs can feature all types. For instance, diffs from the
index to the working tree can never have Added entries (because the set of
paths included in the diff is limited by what is in the index). Similarly,
copied and renamed entries cannot appear if detection for those types is
disabled.
-S<string>
Look for differences that change the number of
occurrences of the specified string (i.e. addition/deletion) in a file.
Intended for the scripter’s use.
It is useful when you’re looking for an exact block of code (like a
struct), and want to know the history of that block since it first came into
being: use the feature iteratively to feed the interesting block in the
preimage back into -S, and keep going until you get the very first
version of the block.
-G<regex>
Look for differences whose patch text contains
added/removed lines that match <regex>.
To illustrate the difference between -S<regex> --pickaxe-regex and
-G<regex>, consider a commit with the following diff in the same
file:
While git log -G"regexec\(regexp" will show this commit, git
log -S"regexec\(regexp" --pickaxe-regex will not (because the
number of occurrences of that string did not change).
See the pickaxe entry in gitdiffcore(7) for more
information.
--find-object=<object-id>
+ return !regexec(regexp, two->ptr, 1, ®match, 0); ... - hit = !regexec(regexp, mf2.ptr, 1, ®match, 0);
Look for differences that change the number of
occurrences of the specified object. Similar to -S, just the argument
is different in that it doesn’t search for a specific string but for a
specific object id.
The object can be a blob or a submodule commit. It implies the -t option
in git-log to also find trees.
--pickaxe-all
When -S or -G finds a change,
show all the changes in that changeset, not just the files that contain the
change in <string>.
--pickaxe-regex
Treat the <string> given to -S as
an extended POSIX regular expression to match.
-O<orderfile>
Control the order in which files appear in the
output. This overrides the diff.orderFile configuration variable (see
git-config(1)). To cancel diff.orderFile, use
-O/dev/null.
The output order is determined by the order of glob patterns in
<orderfile>. All files with pathnames that match the first pattern are
output first, all files with pathnames that match the second pattern (but not
the first) are output next, and so on. All files with pathnames that do not
match any pattern are output last, as if there was an implicit match-all
pattern at the end of the file. If multiple pathnames have the same rank (they
match the same pattern but no earlier patterns), their output order relative
to each other is the normal order.
<orderfile> is parsed as follows:
Patterns have the same syntax and semantics as patterns used for fnmatch(3)
without the FNM_PATHNAME flag, except a pathname also matches a pattern if
removing any number of the final pathname components matches the pattern. For
example, the pattern " foo*bar" matches
"fooasdfbar" and " foo/bar/baz/asdf" but not
" foobarx".
-R
•Blank lines are ignored, so they can
be used as separators for readability.
•Lines starting with a hash
("#") are ignored, so they can be used for comments. Add a
backslash (" \") to the beginning of the pattern if it starts
with a hash.
•Each other line contains a single
pattern.
Swap two inputs; that is, show differences
from index or on-disk file to tree contents.
--relative[=<path>]
When run from a subdirectory of the project,
it can be told to exclude changes outside the directory and show pathnames
relative to it with this option. When you are not in a subdirectory (e.g. in a
bare repository), you can name which subdirectory to make the output relative
to by giving a <path> as an argument.
-a, --text
Treat all files as text.
--ignore-cr-at-eol
Ignore carriage-return at the end of line when
doing a comparison.
--ignore-space-at-eol
Ignore changes in whitespace at EOL.
-b, --ignore-space-change
Ignore changes in amount of whitespace. This
ignores whitespace at line end, and considers all other sequences of one or
more whitespace characters to be equivalent.
-w, --ignore-all-space
Ignore whitespace when comparing lines. This
ignores differences even if one line has whitespace where the other line has
none.
--ignore-blank-lines
Ignore changes whose lines are all
blank.
--inter-hunk-context=<lines>
Show the context between diff hunks, up to the
specified number of lines, thereby fusing hunks that are close to each other.
Defaults to diff.interHunkContext or 0 if the config option is
unset.
-W, --function-context
Show whole surrounding functions of
changes.
--ext-diff
Allow an external diff helper to be executed.
If you set an external diff driver with gitattributes(5), you need to
use this option with git-log(1) and friends.
--no-ext-diff
Disallow external diff drivers.
--textconv, --no-textconv
Allow (or disallow) external text conversion
filters to be run when comparing binary files. See gitattributes(5) for
details. Because textconv filters are typically a one-way conversion, the
resulting diff is suitable for human consumption, but cannot be applied. For
this reason, textconv filters are enabled by default only for
git-diff(1) and git-log(1), but not for
git-format-patch(1) or diff plumbing commands.
--ignore-submodules[=<when>]
Ignore changes to submodules in the diff
generation. <when> can be either "none",
"untracked", "dirty" or "all", which is the
default. Using "none" will consider the submodule modified when it
either contains untracked or modified files or its HEAD differs from the
commit recorded in the superproject and can be used to override any settings
of the ignore option in git-config(1) or gitmodules(5).
When "untracked" is used submodules are not considered dirty when
they only contain untracked content (but they are still scanned for modified
content). Using "dirty" ignores all changes to the work tree of
submodules, only changes to the commits stored in the superproject are shown
(this was the behavior until 1.7.0). Using "all" hides all changes
to submodules.
--src-prefix=<prefix>
Show the given source prefix instead of
"a/".
--dst-prefix=<prefix>
Show the given destination prefix instead of
"b/".
--no-prefix
Do not show any source or destination
prefix.
--line-prefix=<prefix>
Prepend an additional prefix to every line of
output.
--ita-invisible-in-index
By default entries added by "git add
-N" appear as an existing empty file in "git diff" and a new
file in "git diff --cached". This option makes the entry appear as a
new file in "git diff" and non-existent in "git diff
--cached". This option could be reverted with
--ita-visible-in-index. Both options are experimental and could be
removed in future.
GENERATING PATCHES WITH -P
When "git-diff-index", "git-diff-tree", or "git-diff-files" are run with a -p option, "git diff" without the --raw option, or "git log" with the "-p" option, they do not produce the output described above; instead they produce a patch file. You can customize the creation of such patches via the GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF and the GIT_DIFF_OPTS environment variables. 1.It is preceded with a "git diff"
header that looks like this:
The a/ and b/ filenames are the same unless rename/copy is
involved. Especially, even for a creation or a deletion, /dev/null is
not used in place of the a/ or b/ filenames.
When rename/copy is involved, file1 and file2 show the name of the
source file of the rename/copy and the name of the file that rename/copy
produces, respectively.
diff --git a/file1 b/file2
2.It is followed by one or more extended
header lines:
File modes are printed as 6-digit octal numbers including the file type and file
permission bits.
Path names in extended headers do not include the a/ and b/
prefixes.
The similarity index is the percentage of unchanged lines, and the dissimilarity
index is the percentage of changed lines. It is a rounded down integer,
followed by a percent sign. The similarity index value of 100% is thus
reserved for two equal files, while 100% dissimilarity means that no line from
the old file made it into the new one.
The index line includes the SHA-1 checksum before and after the change. The
<mode> is included if the file mode does not change; otherwise, separate
lines indicate the old and the new mode.
old mode <mode> new mode <mode> deleted file mode <mode> new file mode <mode> copy from <path> copy to <path> rename from <path> rename to <path> similarity index <number> dissimilarity index <number> index <hash>..<hash> <mode>
3.Pathnames with "unusual"
characters are quoted as explained for the configuration variable
core.quotePath (see git-config(1)).
4.All the file1 files in the output
refer to files before the commit, and all the file2 files refer to
files after the commit. It is incorrect to apply each change to each file
sequentially. For example, this patch will swap a and b:
diff --git a/a b/b rename from a rename to b diff --git a/b b/a rename from b rename to a
COMBINED DIFF FORMAT
Any diff-generating command can take the -c or --cc option to produce a combined diff when showing a merge. This is the default format when showing merges with git-diff(1) or git-show(1). Note also that you can give the -m option to any of these commands to force generation of diffs with individual parents of a merge.
diff --combined describe.c
index fabadb8,cc95eb0..4866510
--- a/describe.c
+++ b/describe.c
@@@ -98,20 -98,12 +98,20 @@@
return (a_date > b_date) ? -1 : (a_date == b_date) ? 0 : 1;
}
- static void describe(char *arg)
-static void describe(struct commit *cmit, int last_one)
++static void describe(char *arg, int last_one)
{
+ unsigned char sha1[20];
+ struct commit *cmit;
struct commit_list *list;
static int initialized = 0;
struct commit_name *n;
+ if (get_sha1(arg, sha1) < 0)
+ usage(describe_usage);
+ cmit = lookup_commit_reference(sha1);
+ if (!cmit)
+ usage(describe_usage);
+
if (!initialized) {
initialized = 1;
for_each_ref(get_name);
1.It is preceded with a "git diff"
header, that looks like this (when -c option is used):
or like this (when --cc option is used):
diff --combined file
diff --cc file
2.It is followed by one or more extended
header lines (this example shows a merge with two parents):
The mode <mode>,<mode>..<mode> line appears only if at
least one of the <mode> is different from the rest. Extended headers
with information about detected contents movement (renames and copying
detection) are designed to work with diff of two <tree-ish> and are not
used by combined diff format.
index <hash>,<hash>..<hash> mode <mode>,<mode>..<mode> new file mode <mode> deleted file mode <mode>,<mode>
3.It is followed by two-line
from-file/to-file header
Similar to two-line header for traditional unified diff format,
/dev/null is used to signal created or deleted files.
--- a/file +++ b/file
4.Chunk header format is modified to prevent
people from accidentally feeding it to patch -p1. Combined diff format
was created for review of merge commit changes, and was not meant for apply.
The change is similar to the change in the extended index header:
There are (number of parents + 1) @ characters in the chunk header for
combined diff format.
@@@ <from-file-range> <from-file-range> <to-file-range> @@@
EXAMPLES
git show v1.0.0Shows the tag v1.0.0, along with the
object the tags points at.
git show v1.0.0^{tree}
Shows the tree pointed to by the tag
v1.0.0.
git show -s --format=%s v1.0.0^{commit}
Shows the subject of the commit pointed to by
the tag v1.0.0.
git show next~10:Documentation/README
Shows the contents of the file
Documentation/README as they were current in the 10th last commit of
the branch next.
git show master:Makefile master:t/Makefile
Concatenates the contents of said Makefiles in
the head of the branch master.
DISCUSSION
Git is to some extent character encoding agnostic.•The contents of the blob objects are
uninterpreted sequences of bytes. There is no encoding translation at the core
level.
•Path names are encoded in UTF-8
normalization form C. This applies to tree objects, the index file, ref names,
as well as path names in command line arguments, environment variables and
config files ( .git/config (see git-config(1)),
gitignore(5), gitattributes(5) and gitmodules(5)).
Note that Git at the core level treats path names simply as sequences of non-NUL
bytes, there are no path name encoding conversions (except on Mac and
Windows). Therefore, using non-ASCII path names will mostly work even on
platforms and file systems that use legacy extended ASCII encodings. However,
repositories created on such systems will not work properly on UTF-8-based
systems (e.g. Linux, Mac, Windows) and vice versa. Additionally, many
Git-based tools simply assume path names to be UTF-8 and will fail to display
other encodings correctly.
•Commit log messages are typically
encoded in UTF-8, but other extended ASCII encodings are also supported. This
includes ISO-8859-x, CP125x and many others, but not UTF-16/32, EBCDIC
and CJK multi-byte encodings (GBK, Shift-JIS, Big5, EUC-x, CP9xx etc.).
1.git commit and git
commit-tree issues a warning if the commit log message given to it does
not look like a valid UTF-8 string, unless you explicitly say your project
uses a legacy encoding. The way to say this is to have i18n.commitencoding in
.git/config file, like this:
Commit objects created with the above setting record the value of
i18n.commitEncoding in its encoding header. This is to help
other people who look at them later. Lack of this header implies that the
commit log message is encoded in UTF-8.
[i18n]
commitEncoding = ISO-8859-1
2.git log, git show, git
blame and friends look at the encoding header of a commit object,
and try to re-code the log message into UTF-8 unless otherwise specified. You
can specify the desired output encoding with i18n.logOutputEncoding in
.git/config file, like this:
If you do not have this configuration variable, the value of
i18n.commitEncoding is used instead.
[i18n]
logOutputEncoding = ISO-8859-1
GIT
Part of the git(1) suite| 06/21/2018 | Git 2.18.0 |